Why the Korean War still matters - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1253 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Korean War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The Korean War was the first first proxy war that followed World War II in 1950. It contributed to the Cold War and occurred between 1950 to 1953, ending with 5 million casualties and a ceasefire, making it an unfinished war to this day. Americans had little knowledge of Korea until the Cairo Conference in November of 1943 where America, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and China agreed on working to free the Koreans from Japanese occupation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why the Korean War still matters" essay for you Create order In February 1945, at the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt proposed a trusteeship involving the United States, China, and the Soviet Union which could last twenty to thirty years. In response to this, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin responded that the shorter the period the better. At the Moscow Conference in December 1945, the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain proposed trusteeship of Korea and created the Joint Soviet-American Commission, which worked on establishing a provisional Korean democratic government. When attempts to establish Korean independence failed, the United States made another proposal, but the Soviets rejected it, bringing the U.S. to discuss this issue with the United Nations on September 14, 1947. President Truman, who took control of the operation after Roosevelts death, began to worry about communist power spreading so he turned to the United Nations which created the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. This commission met in Seoul on J anuary 12, 1948 to enforce elections but again, the Soviets refused to let it cross the parallel to hold elections in the north. The United States supervised free elections in South Korea, in which they were in favor of democracy and formed the Republic of Korea under Dr. Syngman Rhee. Little did they know of the extent that North Korea and Soviet Union were planning for the invasion on the South. This sets the stage for the following actions that would occur during the course of the Korean war. The war became a war for another nation, being more brutal than any nation could imagine. Kim Il-Sung, North Korean dictator, wanted to reunify Korea and believed that the only way was through military defeat of the South. In 1949, the Chinese communists won the civil war in China, which pushed Kim Il-Sung to persuade Stalin to help support the reunification of Korea by military force. Stalin gave his approval, and began working on defeating the United States, United Nation troops, and those who were fighting for the South. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel and attacked to unify the peninsula. President Truman, who was completely surprised of the action, immediately sent the unprepared U.S. Forces to defend South Korea. For the first time, the United Nations authorized the establishment of a multinational force; the U.S. being the primary fighter of the war and twenty other countries contributing to the war effort. The U.N. Security Council called for immediate cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of all North Korean forces to the 38th p arallel. Proposed by Great Britain, the United Nations asked the United States to lead the Unified Command to end North Korean aggression, in which the U.S. accepted and Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as commanding general. On November 25th,1950, General MacArthur grew weary and launched a major offensive with intentions to defeat the North Korean forces and end the war in its entirety. [they had problems Though the advance appeared to make headway, American and allied units failed to maintain cohesive lines and often lost contact with one another.] Shortly after midnight on November 25th, the Chinese began their counter-attack. Mao Tse-Tung, Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of Peoples Republic of China, ordered a massive intervention of Chinese communist forces. This action completely changed the course of the war, and it was no longer a fight between the North Korean and Soviet communists, but between the Chinese. Roughly 300,000 men entered North Korea with violent attacks against the American and United Nation forces, stampeding (?) General MacArthur and fellow troops were completely caught off guard and did not believe that China would openly enter the war. Factors such as the su b-zero weather and overwhelming number of Chinese soldiers, forced the U.N soldiers to withdraw to a line well south of Seoul. On November 28th, MacArthur sent a message to Washington and stated, We face an entirely new war. The Chinese appeared in great and ever-increasing strength. MacArthur wanted the troops to use American air power to attack the Chinese communists, but Truman rejected his plan fearing that the attack would be projected on the Americans and would therefore bring the Soviet Union into the picture of this upcoming war. MacArthur criticized Trumans decision, (quote?) and in response Truman declared MacArthur insubordinate (quote?) and relieved him of his authority as commanding general. In March 1951, the U.N. fought their way back to the 38th parallel under (who is commanding general). In April and May, the Chinese forces launched successive major offensives against U.N. troops. Other conflicts came into play. The conflict turned into a Stalemate that lasted two and half more years. During the two years, fighting was still occurring and the major hold up to the peace negotiations was Prisoners of War (POW). Article 118 read prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of hostilities. However, the communists did not abide by Geneva Convention and refused to submit the list of prisoners held in their captivity and denied access to visit POW camps or even locations of such camps. Both sides had were charged for atrocities against POWs. The U.S. charged that American and U.N. POWs had been starved, subjected to political brainwashing sessions, and randomly executed. U.S. military sources estimated that roughly 38 percent of all U.S. POWs died in captivity. The UN had 150,000 prisoners, more than were on the other side; if it were for an all for all exchanged, the UN feared that the enemies would come back with a massive at tack. Sources also claim that Chinese and North Korean soldiers were caught by South Korean forces and were shot or tortured. They were then pushed into cramped living quarters and fed irregularly with inadequate food. In the UN camp on Koje-do Island, the camp commander was taken prisoner by the POWs and demanded that he issue a public statement about the inhumane treatment of the prisoners. To put an end to the issue of the POWs who refused to make amends, North Korea agreed to a system of UN camps that would keep detainees for three months before the POWs made a decision. Finally, on July 27, 1953, representatives for the United States and North Korea signed the Military Armistice Agreement which would ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved. The government of South Korea refused to sign the agreement because a they were outraged that the cease-fire had come without the unification of Korea, but in general agreed to abide by the terms of the agreement which stated that both sides withdrew two kilometers from the border, creating the Demilitarized Zone. By the end of summer 1953, Stalin was dead, MacArthur was relieved of his position, and Truman was no longer president. Losses were immense: 1,000,000 chinese troops, 33,700 U.S. troops, and the total U.N. military deaths that included Americans were 170,000. Nearly 3 million Koreans, mostly civilians and an estimated 5 million refugees were also killed. Despite this, the Korean War is often forgotten, often overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam War.

History Of Medicine During The Orlando Regional Medical...

My introduction to medicine began when I was twelve, and my grandfather was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Dementia. At the time, my family had just moved to Florida, while he remained in Puerto Rico. Every visit back was a new rung on the ladder of his descent into dementia, with him remembering less and less of me, my siblings, and my parents. His death came abruptly, but brought catharsis, acceptance, and the celebration of all our memories with him. He is a constant source of motivation and inspiration to become a doctor. My own loss sparked a desire to help others through tough times. I therefore began volunteering at the Orlando Regional Medical Center, where I consoled people going through those times, and let them disclose their feelings with tears and words the way I needed to when I was in their shoes. Unfortunately, I also met people who were dying and had no visitors to support them through their death. For instance, I visited a woman on several occasions and shared a few laughs and stories with her. She ultimately died from C. difficile over a period of three weeks in the hospital. At those moments, I was glad patients like her had someone with them, even if I was a stranger to them. Still, there were much happier occasions where families learned their sons and daughters and parents were alive, recovering, or asking for their company. Through all this, I recognized the fear and pain they felt, and helped them move forward. Care, compassion, and empathy are allShow MoreRelatedBelgium Cultural Analysis Essay4639 Words   |  19 PagesI. Introduction II. Brief Discussion of Belgium’s relevant history III. Geographical Setting a. Location - between France (S) and Holland (N); Germany and Luxembourg (E); and North Sea (W) b. Climate - Belgium has temperate weather, warm in summer (May to September) and cool to cold in winter, with snow very likely. temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy c. d. Topography - The coastal region, extending about 16–48 km (10–30 mi) inland, consistsRead MoreEquipped for Efficiency: Improving Nursing Care Through Technology12192 Words   |  49 Pageselectronic clinical documentation, and interactive patient systems. When linked with these technologies, alarm/event messaging and biomedical device integration add significant value to the way nurses coordinate and provide care. Because nurses work at the center of a complex web of care delivery, their use of proven technological solutions can have a dramatic impact on hospital operations. This report, based on interviews with nurses and other professionals, describes the challenges that nurses face in everydayRead MoreEvaluating The Use Of The Jewish Faith To Cope Within An6012 Words   |  25 Pagesplan to learn more about the Jewish culture, the Jewish community on the Northside of Indianapolis and explore how the Jewish of this community, or one close to it, feel that their faith is helpful in their management of their healthcare concerns. During the semester, I plan to complete cultural, personal and topic objectives. Most of these tasks will be completed by accompanying Professor Neal, and the undergraduate nursing students, as they visit Hooverwood, a Jewish funeral home, Eva Kor, a holocaustRead More A Strategic Analysis of Walgreens and the Retail Drugstore Industry 17582 Words   |  71 Pagesbe considered a member of the retail drugstore industry requires sales of prescription pharmaceuticals to the end consumer. Many convenience, food and discount stor es sell over-the-counter medicines, but these stores would not be considered retail drugstores because they do not also sell prescription medicines. Relevant Environment Competition: The relevant environment, which consists or interactions between the task environment and task environment, has been changing over the past 25 yearsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesCP Amsterdam The Netherlands Clarke, R.C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60-65. This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation and traditional use in the Tai an District of Shandong Province in the People s Republic of China, and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employed to produce hemp ribbonRead MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pagesportion of this thesis. This employment also provided me with a unique opportunity to read and digest all the food safety dialogue that was in the public realm, and begin to form some opinions about on-farm food safety policy and implementatio n. During that summer and into the fall I was fortunate enough to be introduced to four individuals who have all acted as mentors to me (whether they know it or not). This thesis would not have been possible if it wasn t for the support and friendship ofRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 PagesCamille Maben, Director, Child Development Division; Cecelia Fisher-Dahms, Administrator, Quality Improvement Office; Desiree Soto, Consultant, and Laura Bridges, Consultant, Child Development Division; for ongoing revisions and recommendations. During the lengthy development process, many CDE staff members were involved at various levels. Additional thanks are extended to members of the Child Development Division: Michael Jett,* Gwen Stephens,* Gail Brodie, Sy Dang Nguyen, Mary SmithbergerRead MoreData, Analytics, and Competitive Advantage14733 Words   |  59 Pagesuse of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions.[4] The benefits of all this data and number crunching are very real, indeed. Data leverage lies at the center of competitive advantage we’ve studied in the Zara, Netflix, and Google cases. Data mastery has helped vault Wal-Mart to the top of the Fortune 500 list. It helped Harrah’s Casino Hotels grow to be twice as profitable as similarly sized Caesars andRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesmanagement reflect this dynamism and the increasing unpredictability of global economic and political events. Continued growth of the emerging markets is reshaping the global balance of economic power. Many emerging markets continued to experience growth during a period in which developed countries saw their economies stagnate or decline. The global political environment remains volatile and uncertain, with ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa and continuing tensions in Iran, North Korea, Iraq

Market inefficiencies. A case study of financial recession 2007 Free Essays

string(117) " that stands out as definitely unresolved is the free mobility of stock which is often hindered by liquidity issues\." Introduction 2007 was dubbed the year the current financial recession started. Initially signs developed with the bailout of Northern Rock in August 2007, later to unfold to becoming a world financial crisis. Alarming features of this crisis was the collapse of big investment banks such as Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch and Bear Stearns who had to receive bail out plans from the US government in a bid to quickly calm the crises. We will write a custom essay sample on Market inefficiencies. A case study of financial recession 2007 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion of moral hazards was introduced and carrying negative connotations to bailing out the banks (The Economist, 2008). Banks were accused of rashly giving out loans to would be home owners, creating conditions for easy credit on demand. This pattern of easy credit is a consumption lead approach to development and market stimulation. Characteristics of this was recognised when greater demands for housing in the USA lead to sharp raising in property prices along with high rates of interest . Acharya and Richardson (2009) explained behaviours being displayed by the lenders did to transfer the credit risks onto person receiving the loan. The example given was holding an AAA trench, with AAA referring to the classification of the loan while the trench makes notes of risks and liabilities carried with the loan. The crises also developed within the housing market which was not a surprise as most of the firms involved were mortgage lenders in the UK Bradford Bingley and property investment firms in the US, turning into what is now know as the housing bubble burst (Sowell, 2010). The American Government sponsored enterprise of Freddie Mac and Frannie Mae had to be bailed out in a bid to secure nearly $12 trillion of property mortgage (BBCNews, 2008). This was in response to house prices falling house prices and loans were being defaulted on or not being paid. Bailing out Freddie Mac and Frannie Mae played an important role in resorting confidence back into the American housing market. The two large mortgage firms are described as behemoths owning around $5.3 trillion properties within the American market. This is 25 times as big as Northern Rocks responsibilities and twice the size of the UK economy (BBCNews, 2011). Ivashin and Scharfstein (2008) reported large drop in the numbers of new loan s borrowed by 47% during the peak period of the financial recession. Critics blame the severe downturn leading on to the financial crisis on intense speculator behaviours which resulted in inflationary price increases which often lead to question of market efficiency. The efficiencies in this content related heavily on asset pricing in the stock and housing market as explained above. This easy aims to assess how and to what extent events of the financial crisis beginning in 2007 reflect asset-pricing inefficiencies in stock markets and housing markets. Expressing efficiency Efficiency of the financial market is concerned with the rate and degree in which market information is assimilated into asset prices (Koch, 2007). There are many sources providing market information such newspaper articles that publish daily stock market information and yearly financial review publish by companies themselves. Financial economist regard efficiency as being able to make the best possible investment decision on information provided (Malkiel, 2003). There is a need for information deemed relevant to be cheap and within easy access to parties enquiring for it, these are the condition for information efficiency. Readily available information creates conditions whereby resources can be allocated to get the best possible use out of them allowing allocation efficiency. Based on the conditions of informational efficiency it is possible to gauge if markets operate efficiently. More also if the results states otherwise, it help in providing clues as to what feature of the market are not operating efficiently. Mama (2010) explained, in a study of capital allocation in early 2008 amid the 2007 US housing market, financial crises, Germany exhibited negative correlated stock returns across domestically trade firms. Mama (2010) going into more details explaining it was possible to have an increase in the movement of stock returns. Under this condition explained by Mama it can be concluded that Germany failed to meet allocation efficiency. The aim of the informed decision made is to increase returns in investment by allowing the investors to recognise undervalued stocks. Intensions to achieve higher rates of returns are likely to be covered with a higher rate of risk attached to the investment (Acharya and Richardson, 2009). The problem following this approach is assuming stock markets behaviour is predictable, leading to speculative actions on set of assets and stocks. ‘Random walk’ (Malkiel) suggests, another means to choosing the best possible outcome of share and stock prices, which operates under the assumption the flow of information is continuous and would therefore affect the prices stocks. Therefore, each day’s price is independent of the previous day, in line with news and information. The random walk condition was best suited to describing pricing determinants within during the crises as seen from the need to boost confidence in the market, bring in positive news a method attempted by Portugal in November 2010 (Wise, 2010). Watson and Head (2007) identified the condition necessary for getting a perfect and efficient market. These conditions are base assumptions for creating conditions whereby trades stocks can be traded effectively with minimum limitations. Promotion of free mobility of stocks when buying and selling, which means barriers such as transaction cost and taxes are removed from market trading procedures. All market stakeholders have the same expectations regarding asset prices interest rates and other influencing economic factors. There is free mobility to all who wish to enter and leave the market at will. Information must be free of financial costs to attain and also free to all stakeholders within the market. There is expected to be numerous sellers and buyers, under conditions where no individual interest is able to dominate the market. Conditions leading to the financial crises of 2007 exhibited none if any of these features under the current market function. A Feature that stands out as definitely unresolved is the free mobility of stock which is often hindered by liquidity issues. You read "Market inefficiencies. A case study of financial recession 2007" in category "Essay examples" Another characteristic is the conditions for free market information available with no cost and free to all. Besides the several different sources of information available t the public, participants incur large volumes of financial and time cost in an attempt to have perfect knowledge of market behaviour. Furthermore, the privately acquired information is not freely dispersed into the public for free usage. It is possible for investors to operate under an imperfect market environment. There is a greater need for markets to be efficient instead of being perfect because it creates condition where investors stand to make profits by choosing to invest on stocks at the prices they are give. Under and efficient capital market there is there is expected to be operationally efficient. The condition for operational efficiency dictates transaction cost in the market incurred by investors when moving resources for the purpose of market operations must be kept as low as possible (Dimson and Mussavian, 1998). Within some trade regions of the world this condition was met. The division of most of the world’s trading economies into trading blocs (UNIONS) ensured some features of minimal operational cost incurred when trading. For example countries within the EU and those using the EURO were able to trade under a no barrier policy. For those with the EU it was possible to move resources about without being affected by significant levels of cost through taxes or limits on expenditure, for example UK residents wanting to buy property in Portugal. Furthermore, a France resident wanting to buy property in Portugal is likely to even get lower operational cost as there is no cost incurred when exchanging currency as both countries trade in the same currency. Price Efficiency recommends a fair pricing method for the role of stocks and shares. This requires the pricing of â€Å"capital market to fully and fairly reflect information concerning the past and all events that the market expects to occur in the future† (Watson and head, 2007). Wickens (2006) defined conditions whereby there are two types of asset pricing. Relative asset pricing involves comparing the price of one asset to another, derivatives and bonds are examples of this. Absolute asset pricing operates by relating the price of a stock to fundamentals. Aspects of arbitrage opportunities are expected to be removed, when they appear in the market. This is because within a financial market the existence of arbitrage would lead to increase in competition which wipes out the conditions through increase in price. The competition is by opportunities for investors to gain returns from nothing. This was a dominant feature in the conditions leading the 2007 recession, whereby inv estor were able to exploit differential prices of comparatively similar stock. There was intense level of price speculation based around the property market boom, which imposed strains on the economy globally, With the US homes sales fell across 40 states in 2006 (Whitney, 2007). This was after a 14.3% fall in house prices. Whitney (2007) expressed it was similar condition were present during the 1920s at the beginning of the last global recession. Conditions for allocation efficiency within the market requires strong characteristics of pricing efficiency within the market, it is through that resources can be allocated for the purpose of best use. It is understood that the fair price of an investment needs to be known by investors. Therefore they are able to better understand cost conditions surrounding the decisions made when selecting their investment portfolio. High level of emphasis is placed on information available and the conditions for reaching fair and fully secured prices. From this it is possible to explain market efficiency is heavily dependent on accuracy between speed and quality of information and the rates at which prices adjust. Forms of Efficiency It is possible to find out how shear prices are effect by availability of relevant information within the capital market using empirical tests. In many cases this approach (correlating with pricing efficiency) is used when there is information deficit, due to insufficient data to carry out tests relating to allocation efficiency and operational efficiency. Many of the tests carried out focus on the presence of condition suitable for investors to make abnormal returns on their investment, and to what extent that condition is feasible across the market. Weak form efficiency Weak forms efficiency within the capital market occurs when current shear prices reflect all historical information (Koch, 2007). This means that the behaviours of current investments opportunities follow the same historical movement and price trends. Under this situation, conditions for making abnormal return on investments are forgone when using technical analysis method. Similar results weak form efficiency is also expressed under empirical means and testing. It is expected that shear prices will behave in a random pattern due to information being used arriving at random times and under random circumstances. Semi-strong form efficiency This expresses conditions where all shear prices reflect all historical information and all publically available information (Watson and Head, 2007). Furthermore it is expected that share prices are more responsive to reacting quickly and accurately to securing price as soon as new information becomes available. Under semi-strong efficiency conditions for attaining supernormal returns on investments are still not possible through the use of publically as supported by empirical forms of market efficiency study. Strong form efficiency Markets with strong form efficiency are characterised with share prices reflecting all information, available within public and private domain. This condition describes a situation whereby information is freely mobile and price is very responsive to the arrival of new information. Those with full informational efficiency can make the best possibly decision on allocating their resources to produce the best returns. The condition of efficient information mobility means when situations of achieving supernormal returns arise all participants with the market are aware of it therefore removing the conditions of achieving supernormal profit. It is generally assumed under conditions of strong mobility and information there will not be opportunities for investor to achieve supernormal profit due to high levels efficiency. Investors who achieve supernormal profits through inside information are often prosecuted for inappropriate behaviours. This behaviour is generally a few in occurrence compa red to overall practices within the market (Wickens, 2006). Empirical evidence on real financial markets suggests there are some levels of market efficiency (Koch, 2007); it is possible to argue on the range of these efficient characteristics. In case studies of the financial Market crisis in 2007 most studies find no evidence of superior returns for technical or fundamental analysis (Mama, 2010). However, anomalies do exist and pose challenges for price efficiency. For example, trading at some times of the year can lead to negative or positive returns on investment. This is known as the calendar arising from changes within the market often the result of anomalies. Situations like this lead to question regarding the possibility of predicting future share prices. It is already well know that it is not possible to predict market trends based on past data proven through vast researches and empirical study. There is emphasis placed on analytical tools used for proving efficiency. The use of graphs and charts expressing correlation is regarded as technical analysis. Using this method it is possible to imply there is a relationship between past and future prices which allows condition for investors to make supernormal profits. Other analysis technique is fundamental analysis which proceeds with using public information for the purpose of calculating values of current market. It is important to note, because both form of analysis are interested in finding supernormal returns on investment, they facilitate to increasing the speed in which share prices assimilate new market information therefore, unintentionally creating conditions whereby supernormal returns is prevented from be achieved (Watson and Head, 2007). It is expressed that these analysis create new information during the investigation period which is then added to the overall information available within the market. Conclusion. When relating discussion points expressed in this essay with inefficient market behaviours leading to the 2007 financial crises, aspects that stands out most to causing price inefficiency area information inefficiency with a semi-strong form efficiency which resulted in allocation inefficiency. Information inefficiency was present within the stock market in terms of asset pricing and also within the property market in terms of risk associated with loans being given out to households. There are characteristic explained within The Economist (2008) and Ivashin and Scharfstein (2008) which leads to believe that future projections of market behaviour were not being made. This along with the increase in demand for mortgage (provision of public information) coincides, to demonstrating that large portions of the finance market (excluding those investing in private information) was displaying features more suited to semi-strong efficiency. This assumption correlates with large numbers of hous ehold applying for mortgage loans not having relevant information which is able project plans of the rates of returns expected for individual household. Information deficit for households are often generated from costs incurred when trying to access or compile large volume of information. There is also a risk that the investment of resources for the purpose of attaining market information might not produce favourable returns on investment, a characteristic which is shared by both households and corporate investor. Information inefficiency would mean prices are not secure and fairly. Speculators often take advantage of this situation whereby it is possible to identify differentiated prices from having inside information or private information. Financial market behaviours become more unpredictable (Acharya and Richardson, 2009) risk of affecting decision making are often ignored due to the possibility of making supernormal profits. The financial market will show trends more closely matching allocation inefficiency as decisions are not being made based on the fair prices. The investments carry high risks along with high level of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost demonstrates loss in profits that could be made, under conditions where assuming market prices are secured and the investors were well informed. This conclusion was reached using fundamental analysis assumption along with efficiency condition outlined as aspect of perfectly competitive finance market. Bibliography Acharya, V.V, and Richardson, M. (2009) Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System. [online] (Last updated 2010) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. BBCNews (2011) Bank of America pays Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac $2.6bn. BBC News [online] (Last updated January 2011) Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12108655 [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M. (1998) A brief history of market efficiency. European Finance management. Wiley online. Vol 4 (1), page 91-193 Ivashina, V., and Scharfstein, D, (2010) Bank lending during the financial crisis of 2008. Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier Vol 97 (3), Pages 319-338 Koch. A, K. (2007). Empirical Evidence on Asset Pricing Theories and Market Efficiency. Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, [online] (Last updated December 2007) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. Mama. H,B, (2010) Information dissemination, market efficiency and the joint test issue. Books on demand GmbH. Norderstedt Malkiel, B.G., 2003. The Efficient market hypothesis and its critiques. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol 17( 1), Page 59 – 82 Sowel, T. (2010) The Housing Boom and Bust: Revised Edition. Basic books. New York The Economist (2008) Call it off. The economist [online] (Last updated November 2008) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. Watson, D. and Head, A (2007) corporate finance principle and practice Fourth Edition. Financial times prentice hall. Harlow Whitney. M, (2007). US Housing Market Crash to result in the Second Great Depression. Market Oracle, [online] (Last updated February 2007) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. Wise, P.(2010) Euro in crisis. Financial times [online] (Last updated 2010) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. Wickens. M (2007) ASSET PRICING AND MARKET EFFICIENCY. University of Athens Department of Economics [online] (Last updated 2007) Available at: [Accessed on 14 January 2011]. How to cite Market inefficiencies. A case study of financial recession 2007, Free Case study samples

Leadership Ever Changing Concept

Question: Describe about the Leadership for Ever Changing Concept. Answer: Leadership is an ever-changing concept that structures a human character in which it leads the group of people connected in term of work and profession. Hence, development of a personal leadership model is necessary for any management student to seek a better control over the workforce. On the other hand, personal leadership model is helpful in develop personal skills and knowledge that are required to communicate with other and influence them to perform well (Scott, Jaffe and Scott, 2015). The three areas of leadership that are focused through my personal leadership development model are Ethics, Teamwork, and Management. I have found these areas to be the key to success for a leader. On the other hand, these three areas of leadership have been identified as core part of leaders life that helps them to develop personal skills and experience to work with a team (Scott, Jaffe and Scott, 2015). Hence, the essay has been prepared to discuss my personal leadership model that focuses on et hics, teamwork and management to develop myself as a quality leader. Through the identification of personal standings, I have identified creditability, communication skills, vision, innovation, traits and strong relationship building as the primary organising ideas of my leadership model based on ethics, teamwork and management. In order to influence the productivity of the workforce, communication skill has been identified as one of the crucial skills for a leadership model. On the other hand, the quality of creditability has been efficiently utilised to convince the subordinates to pursue higher ranks at workplace providing greater responsibility (Engbers, 2016). Apparently, a tactical leader must promote innovation and traits within the leadership model by setting examples to the rest of the employees to be followed. By developing a strong relationship with the organisational subordinates, an efficient leader can influence the performance of the workforce in a positive manner. As far as organising issues are concerned in the personal leadership mod el, employee satisfaction and confidence building can be identified as the two principal drawbacks (Piasecki, Fletcher and Mendelson, 2009). The primary trait that must exist within a leader is the effective communication capability and judgement skills. It is important for a leader to understand his team members and judge their capabilities to provide them with appropriate roles. I must follow certain ethical practices that will help me to develop a better relationship with by team members (Nice, 2008). On the other hand, it is important for me to understand and judge my team mates by continuously interacting with them and conducting a debate session regarding any issues going on in the public or related to work. Furthermore, the regular interaction and understanding of team mates helps to develop good relationship and motivate them to perform better. It further helps in planning the roles and responsibilities that are to be played by each member of the team. Hence, according to me, the primary traits of a leader are to be a jolly person with good interactive skills (Fisher, 2010). Furthermore, the leader must have the s kills of multi-cultural communication, good knowledge of the business and workforce. Finally, an effective leader must monitor the performance of its team mates by continuously interacting with them and sharing their feedbacks and experiences. The leadership model that I have chosen emphasises on establishing a good relationship between a cross cultural team. Furthermore, it aims to manage a diversified workforce that differentiates in terms of practices, belief and moral thoughts. Along with that, the core value of the model to is to improve teamwork by motivating each member to participate in the activities (Fisher, 2010). On the other hand, the model emphasises on respecting individual thoughts and participation in the group activities. Hence, the core value of the model is to establish a good relationship and understanding among the group that will increase the efficiency and productivity of the team. It can be seen that the leadership model focuses on understanding the skills and knowledge of the group members. On the other hand, it helps to observe the thoughts of every member of the group by respecting their feedbacks and implementing their ideas while planning the strategies. According to me, the identified leadership model will develop a strong relationship in the group by honouring individual practices and ideas (Rayner and Adam-Smith, 2009). A regular interaction with the group members regarding personal problems and issues related to work helps to develop better bonding among the leaders and participants. On the other hand, continuous and interactive communication provides solution to major problems that reduces the chances of occurrence of uncertainties while managing a large group (Kouzes and Posner, 2012). Hence, the relationship among the group will be benefited by using the leadership model that focuses on three major areas such as ethics, teamwork and management. The shared values and beliefs governing the workforce are interestingly combined to promote sustainability. Through the identification of the importance of organisational culture within the workforces performance standpoint, management of the firm has created a strong influence on the corporate staffs dictating the level of performance. Moreover, the current administration has promoted innovation in the business strategies so that each of the members of the organisation can communicate a vision leading to organisations long-term success (Aleksander, 2016). Currently, the culture of the organisation promotes sharing information and knowledge among the groups to achieve the overall business objective of the firm. Invariably, effective communication resources such as ICTs have been utilised among the organisation so that the staffs can be identified about their responsibility and contribution towards the success of the enterprise (O'Leary, 2013). Meanwhile, in the existing scenario, the current organisational culture of the firm lacks leadership traits, to say the least. The leadership practiced in my model is seeking to achieve a higher performance of the team members. It aims to develop a good understanding among the group members by regular interaction of problems and issues. On the other hand, the model aims to respect the ethics and moral practices of each member (Rayner and Adam-Smith, 2009). Furthermore, I will use the leadership model to understand and judge the capabilities of my team members in order to allocate them with proper roles and responsibilities. The model will help me to create a flexible work arrangement and develop good relationship with the team members (Leavy, 2012). Hence, it can be said that the model aims to eliminate conflict between the group members and deliver a better team performance. Under the existing circumstances, the current leadership model has been identified as somewhat different from my suitability of leadership model. Understandably, the management of the firm values ethics in their leadership model but pay less attention to teamwork, leadership theory and management ideas (Okoth-Okombo, 2011). Conversely, the current leadership model of the enterprise works on the basis of multiculturalism, traditional philosophy and power of the management. In order to improve the performance standards, the leadership model must identify the effect of human psychology on the job. By promoting intrinsic and extrinsic benefits through performance management system, leaders can influence the performance of the subordinates by a great deal. On the basis of statutory evidence, corporate leadership is not all about showing the power of the management (Earley and Bubb, 2014). By utilising the personal traits of significant leadership style, organisational leaders must set tea mwork and management of the group at highest precedence level. On the basis of classic leadership practices, a professional leader must identify his strengths and weaknesses in managing the business. As far as my standpoint, the best leadership practices have started outside the work environment. In order to apply the leadership model on a personal stance, a leader must identify his obligations and responsibility towards the organisation and its people. For effective management of workforce, credit to the leaders must be shared with the subordinates so that the workforce can be influenced in an encouraging way. By following the social ethics and integrity, a strong bonding must be set up with the workforce so that extra responsibility can be shared with others (Einarsen, Aasland and Skogstad, 2007). Thus, a leader can promote teamwork in the best possible way. By identifying the opportunities to improve, significant staff training and development programmes must be arranged increasing the productivity of the employees. Clearly, by encouraging go od decision-making and avoiding deliberation, a genuine leader can personally apply the art of leadership model for the betterment of the organisation. In leadership model, the susceptibility of power can contribute to the downfall of a leader. In order to develop a sustainable position among the workforce, there are subtle decisions to be taken into consideration for better productivity of the workforce. There is a significant difference between leadership and management that must be highlighted through the identified leadership model of any leader. Apparently, the organising ideas of a leader such as personal traits, vision, creditability and skills must be included within the personal leadership model promoting the best areas of leadership such as ethics, management, and teamwork. Through the identification of latest leadership strategies and concepts, a prominent leader can classify the benefits of interactions with the organisational subordinates for long-term management perspective. Moreover, a strong leader must lead by examples for the rest of the employees to be followed for further sustainability of the organisation. References Aleksander, I. (2016). Managing for Innovation Leading Technical People.J Inf Technol, 1(4), pp.61-62. Earley, P. and Bubb, S. (2014).Leading and managing continuing professional development. London: P. Chapman. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. and Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model.The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), pp.207-216. Engbers, T. (2016). Student Leadership Programming Model Revisited.Journal of Leadership Education, 5(3), pp.1-14. Fisher, K. (2010).Leading self-directed work teams. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kouzes, J. and Posner, B. (2012).The leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Leavy, B. (2012). Updating a classic formula for strategic success: focus, alignment, repeatability and leadership.Strategy Leadership, 41(1), pp.18-28. Nice, D. (2008). The warrior model of leadership: Classic perspectives and contemporary relevance.The Leadership Quarterly, 9(3), pp.321-332. Okoth-Okombo, D. (2011).Challenging the rulers. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Educational Publishers Ltd. in partnership with Community Aid International. O'Leary, D. (2013). Leading, managing and developing people.Action Learning: Research and Practice, 10(1), pp.79-83. Piasecki, B., Fletcher, K. and Mendelson, F. (2009).Environmental management and business strategy. New York: John Wiley. Rayner, C. and Adam-Smith, D. (2009).Managing and leading people. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Scott, C., Jaffe, D. and Scott, C. (2015).Managing change at work. Menlo Park, Calif.: Crisp Publications.

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important Essay Example For Students

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? Essay A) Why is the investment appraisal process so important? Capital Investment Appraisal is of fundamental importance because: 1. Large Amount of Company Resources: Involvement of large amount of company resources and efforts which will necessitate careful evaluation to be undertaken before a decision is reached. 2. Maximization of Shareholder wealth: Investment decision is linked with strategic and tactical business decisions and therefore need to achieve desired long-term objectives. The most usual objective being the maximization of shareholder wealth. . Difficult to Reserve: It can be very expensive and perplex to reserve an investment decision so caution need to be exercised in reaching the initial investment decision. 4. High Risk Involvement: Projected future benefits and costs are hard to forecast. As a result, the risk and uncertainty of undertaking medium to long-term investment can be high. B) What is the payback period of each project? If AP Ltd imposes a three year maximum payback period which of these projects should be accepted? Payback period for project A:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |20 |20 | |2 |30 |50 | |3 |40 |90 |4 |50 |140 | |5 |70 |210 | Payback period of project A = 3 + 20/50 = 3 + 0. 4 = 3. 4 yrs, i. e. , 3yrs 4. 8 months. Payback period for project B:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |40 |40 | |2 |40 |80 | |3 |40 |120 | |4 |40 |160 | |5 |40 |200 | Payback period of project B = 2 + 30/40 = 2 + 0. 75 = 2. 75 yrs, i. e. , 2yrs 9 months. When examining two new investment projects of AP Ltd, as in the case of projects A and B, the usual decision is to accept the one with the shortest payback, assuming the payback period satisfies some preconceived target. However, when only one investment opportunity is being examined, the payback of that opportunity will be compared with a target payback. We will write a custom essay on Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This concept of a target payback could be employed in the case of projects A and B above. The payback target is 3 years, so project B should be accepted because it pays back after 2 years 9 months where as project A payback only after 3 years and 4. 8 months which is more than the target. The longer the time period for receipt of cash, the greater the risk. C) What are the criticisms of the payback period? Payback is the number of years it takes to recover the initial investment. It is expressed in time or years. It is normally defined as the period, usually expressed in years, which it takes the cash inflows from an investment project to equal the cast outflows. There are three important criticisms of the payback period method. The first is clearly fundamental and relates to the fact that cash flows after the payback period are ignored. So it could be the case that whilst a project produces a large net cash flow (i. e. , where cash inflows significantly exceed outflows), they are generated in the later part of the project and may be ignored as this is after the payback period. For example, in the case of project A and B in this question , project B was preferred because of its shorter payback period, but overall project A generates more cash inflows, totaling ? 2,10,000 as compared to only ? 2,00,000 in the case of project B. However, project A`s cash inflows were mainly earned in the later years. The second criticism of the payback method is that it relates to the method not taking account of the time value of money, similarly to the ARR. However, it does not have value in situations where the useful life of the project is short and difficult to predict. Japanese firms, particularly in consumer electronics, use the payback method when evaluating new products since the product life cycle can be quite short and a new product can be made unexpectedly obsolete by changes in technology. For example, imagine we have to choose between two alternatives that each require an initial investment of ? 4000. Option A returns ? 1000 at the end of fourth year. Option B returns ? 4000 at the end of fourth year. Under the payback method, option A and option B are equally preferable. However, that option A is really better since the cash flows come earlier. Now if we add the information to 5 years, then, option A will produce an additional cash inflow of ? 5, 00,000. But option B will never generate another pound after the fourth year. So the payback method ignores the time value of money and does not measure profitability. It just measures the time required to recapture the original investment. The third criticism of the payback method is that the selection of the maximum acceptable payback period is arbitrary. D) Determine the NPV for each of these projects? Should they be accepted – explain why? Year |Project A |Project B | |0 |(110) |(110) | |1 |20 |40 | |2 |30 |40 | |3 |40 |40 | |4 |50 |40 | |5 |70 |40 | Project A |Year |Cash flow(? 000) |Discount Factor |PV | | | |@12% | | |1 |20 |0. 892 |17. 4 | |2 |30 |0. 797 |23. 91 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 44 | |4 |50 |0. 635 |31. 75 | |5 | 70 |0. 567 |39. 69 | | | | |141. 63 | | | | |(110. 0) | | | | |31. 63 | [emailprotected]% = 31. 63 Project B |year |Cash Flow(? 000) |Discount factor @12% |PV | |1 |40 |0. 892 |35. 68 | |2 |40 |0. 797 |31. 88 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 4 | |4 |40 |0. 635 |25. 40 | |5 |40 |0. 567 |22. 68 | | | | |144. 14 | | | | |(110. 00) | | | | |34. 14 | [emailprotected]% =34. 14 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postImageUrl , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:visited , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active { border:0!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr EssayHere project B should be accepted. Because, NPV of project B is higher than the NPV of project A. NPV is present value of future cash flow. If any NPV value is high, it means, NPV increases the wealth of ordinary share holders and selection of projects on an NPV basis is consistent with this object. NPV is considered to be highly acceptable method of capital appraisal. It takes into account the timing of the net cash flows, the project’s profitability and the return of the original investment. Project B is fulfilling above those things. Hence, project B is suitable for our capital investment appraisal. E) Describe the logic behind the NPV approach. NPV, Net Present Value, allows us to value a company’s assets at their correct current value, normally end of the year and when the accounts are prepared. The calculation of NPV takes into account the assets original cost, less all accumulated depreciation allowed against that asset in previous tax computations. To make long term investment like purchasing land, buildings, machinery a firm have to earn an income greater than the fund committed. In order to handle these decisions, firms have to make an assessment of the size of the out flow and the inflows of the funds. One of the most important steps in the capital budgeting cycle is working out if the benefits of investing large capital sums outweigh the cost of these investments. Business organization can used two ways. ) traditional methods and 2) discounted cash flow techniques. The Net Present Value is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) which relies on the concept of opportunity cost to place a value on cash inflows arising f rom capital investment. (F) What would happen to the NPV if: (1) The cost of capital increased? (2) The cost of capital decreased? (1)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS INCREASED: Cost of capital has indirect effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is increased NPV will decreased, now to explain it in a better way, consider the example in the above part of the report, if we increase the cost of capital from 12% to 15% the NPV goes down instantly from 31. 75 to 19. 76. Although, even at this NPV project still seems to be feasible, but as it is clear that by increasing the cost of capital NPV decreases. This might result the company to end up with low cash flow as well. (2)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS DECREASED: Now if we decrease the cost of capital, it will have a positive effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is decreased the NPV will increased, consider the same example, if the cost of capital is lowered from 12% to 10% NPV will come down from 31. 75 to 40. 63, thus increasing the cash flows of the company and making the project much more feasible and interesting for the investors, it is very important to mention that it the company’s management who decide what will be the cost of capital. The cost of capital is settle by the management and several issues are consider while making this decision like cash flows, project life payback time etc. G) Determine the IRR for each project. Should they be accepted? PROJECT A YearsNCFDiscount Factor 20%PV 1200,833316. 666 2300,694420. 832 3400,578723. 148 4500,482324. 115 5700,401928. 133 TPV = 112. 894 NPV at 20% = 112. 894 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 894 NPV at 20% = ? 2. 894 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813016. 260 2300,660919. 827 3400,537321. 492 4500,436821. 840 5700,355224. 864 TPV = 104. 283 NPV at 23% = 104. 283 – 110. 000 = ? (5. 717) NPV at 23% = ? (5. 717) IRR = 20% + 2. 894 x (23% 20%) = 2. 894 + 5. 717 IRR = 20% + 0. 01008245 IRR = 20. 10082% ? 20% IRR PROJECT A = 20% PROJECT B YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813032. 520 2300,660926. 436 3400,537321. 492 4500,436817. 472 5700,355214. 208 TPV = 112. 128 NPV at 23% = 112. 128 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 128 NPV at 23% = ? 2. 128 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 25%PV 1200,800032. 000 2300,640025. 600 3400,512020. 480 4500,409616. 384 5700,327713. 108 TPV = 107. 572 NPV at 25% = 107. 572 – 110. 000 = ? (2. 428) NPV at 25% = ? (2. 428) IRR = 23% + 2. 128 x (23% 25%) = 2. 218 + 2. 428 IRR = 23% + 0. 00934 IRR = 23. 00934% ? 23% IRR PROJECT B = 23% IRR A = 20% IRR B = 23% IRR ROF Both projects are accepted. .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postImageUrl , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:visited , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active { border:0!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide EssayH) How does a change in the cost of capital affect the project’s IRR? The cost of capital is defined as a return which expressed as a percentage that an investor needs to receive on an investment. For example if an investor is looking for a return of 8% on an investment, and if any company giving 8% return on investment then he will invest on that company. But if the company’s initial cost of capital is 6% then the parson will not investment on the company. If the cost of capital is less than the IRR then the project is a good investment. If the cost of capital is larger than the IRR then the project is a bad investment. So a change in the cost of capital changes what a parson’s cut-off is but the actual IRR. I) Why is the NPV method often regarded to be superior to the IRR Method? Superiority of NPV over IRR: The NPV method is new concept as compare to traditional methods i. e. Payback and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). NPV method discounts the future cash flows linked with the investment project using the cost of capital as the appropriate discount rate. If NPV of required project is positive then we should accept the project and if it is negative then we should not accept the project. However if NPV of any project is zero then we can accept or reject the project it depends on management decision. Normally, to be competitive in market, managers like to accept the project if NPV is zero. Advantages of NPV are: Time Value of Money: It takes account of time of value of money, by discounting the cash flows arising in the future †¢ Cash Flows: takes account of all relevant cash flows †¢ Indicates Clear Decision: provides a clear decision rule concerning acceptance/rejection of a project †¢ Primary Objective: It is consistent with the aim of maximizing shareholder wealth, which is assumed to be the primary objective of any business. As far as Internal Rate of Return is concerned, it is based on the principles of discounting cash flows and will normally give the same accept/reject decisions and will rank investment projects in the same way as the NPV method. Contrary, it has difficulty in handling unconventional cash flows and does not address the issue of wealth maximization. It may give conflicting recommendations to NPV. IRR cannot consider changes in interest rates over the life of a project. It assumes that funds are reinvested at a rate equivalent to the IRR itself, which can be produce unrealistically high. Due to above reasons we can conclude that NPV is superior to IRR. Reference Dyson, J. R (2004). (6th edition) â€Å"Accounting For Non-Accounting Students† Weetman, P, 2006, Management Accounting, Essex, Prentice Hall Lumby, S Jones, C, 2003, Corporate Finance Theory and Practice, London, Thomson Aidan Berry and Robin Jarvis â€Å"Accounting in a Business Context†3rd Edition Printed by: Zrinski dd. , Croatia

300 argumentative essay topic ideas that are current and engaging

300 argumentative essay topic ideas that are current and engaging When you write an argumentative essay, you are required to use evidence along with your power of persuasion to convince readers that your position on an issue is correct. You must state your position, the reasons you hold that position, and then support your position with evidence. You should also deal with potential counter arguments. Before you do any of these things, you have an important step to take. You have to choose an interesting topic. It should be relevant to the class youre taking, and hopefully meaningful to you as well. If youre stuck on ideas, keep reading. Weve got 45 topic ideas that current, engaging, and easy to research. To keep things really interesting, well go into some detail on a few of the more interesting topics. Current And Controversial Topics These are topics that can often be found in headline news articles. They are often controversial and people have strong opinions about them. Childhood Obesity is a Community Health Problem Not a Parenting Issue People Who Carry Concealed Are Helping to Keep Others Safe Gun Violence Victims Should be Able to Sue Gun Manufacturers Background Checks Violate The Second Amendment Community Policing is Very Effective Student Loan Forgiveness Programs Must be Saved Tuition Rates Must be Rolled Back Evangelism is Destroying America A 15 Dollar Minimum Wage Will Save The Economy Privately Owned Prisons Should be Abolished Capital Punishment is Barbaric And Should be Banned A few nations still have the death penalty. Are they correct? Is this a true deterrent or a just punishment for certain crimes? What about cases in which it was revealed that people were wrongly convicted of capital crimes were actually innocent? Then theres the issue of the death penalty being applied to minorities or people with diminished mental capacity. Theres a lot to be said for the other side of the issue as well. Do you think that the victims families deserve this kind of justice? Also, it can be argued that even if capital punishment isnt a deterrent, it is still a just consequence. Gender Roles Are an Outdated Social Construct From a ban on transgender individuals serving in the military to controversy over Targets decision to implement unisex bathrooms, the topic of gender roles has been in the news quite frequently over the last few years. So, is the idea of gender outdated? Educate your readers on the difference between sex and gender. Then, take a strong stance on the issue. Racism is The Primary Cause of Police Brutality A Wall isnt The Key to Immigration Reform Recently, an immigrant caravan traveling from Central America towards the United States led to some very intense differences of opinion among Americans. Many politicians use the topic of illegal immigration as political fodder. Of course, the biggest matter of contention is the proposed wall between the United States and Mexico. Take a stand against the wall as suggested here, or turn the topic around to make an argument in favor of it. Pharmacists Who Are Against Abortion Must Still Fill Morning After Prescriptions Damage Suffered Due to Water or Air Pollution is a Tort A group of students is suing the United States federal government over the damages caused by air pollution. Some citizens of Flint Michigan are seeking legal remedies due to the permanent damage suffered by children who were exposed to lead in the water system. Is this right? Should causing air pollution be a tort liability? The Cause of Animal Rights Has Gone Awry Nearly every moral and rational person is against animal cruelty, but where do we draw the line. For some people, any animal testing is wrong. For others, if its done to advance medical research thats fine, but it should never be used for testing commercial products. Then there are those who believe that the animal kingdom is the domain of mankind, and that the ends justify the means. What do you think? Comprehensive National Gun Control Laws Are Our Only Hope Affirmative Action Can Level The Economic Playing Field Global Warming Should be a Presidential Litmus Its Time to Elect a Woman of Color as President Term Limits Simply Dont Work Safe Spaces Stymie Free Speech The Arts And Crafts Movement Did More Harm Than Good Cable News is harmful Civil Forfeiture Laws Are Unjust NCAA Athletes Should Receive a Salary Olympic Athletes Should Not be Banned Because of The Behavior of Their Government Human Trafficking Training And Awareness is a Must For Law Enforcement Lowering The Drinking Age Will Have Tragic Consequences Yes! There Should be Limits on The Freedom of Speech The American Dream is a Harmful Notion The Gig Economy Isnt Stable All People Deserve Free Healthcare Benefits Should Not Depend on Employment School Uniforms Are Not a Stop Gap For Bullying And Classism Arts in School Deserve as Much Funding as Athletics Magnet Schools Are The Wave of The Future Charter Schools Are Dangerous And Need More Regulation Social Networking Should be Banned For Anyone Under 18 Violent Video Games Are Not a Factor in School Shootings People have blamed violent video games for school shootings, teenage suicide, and an increased likelihood of domestic violence. Do you think this is accurate, or is this simply a way to deflect from the real issues at hand? Abstinence Education Leads to Teenage Pregnancy Stem Cell Research Funding Must be Increased There Are Economic Consequences to Banning Same Sex Marriage A county clerk in Kentucky lost her job because she refused to issue marriage licenses to same sex couples. A baker was sued because he refused to bake a cake when he realized it was for a gay marriage. 13 states still ban same sex marriage, and many of these places have been boycotted by members of the LGBTQ community and their allies. Clearly there are economic consequences to taking this stand. Is that appropriate? Early Exposure to Technology Does More Harm Than Good Local And Classroom Relevance There are some topics that may be very relevant to you because of your location or the school you attend. These subjects tend to be very interesting to the people around you. Think about the hot topics in your town, or at your college or university. Revitalizing Main Street is Key to Our Towns Economic Future Local Teenagers Dont Deserve to be Banned From The Mall Our Athletic Department Must Address Allegations of Favoritism Now The athletic departments at many colleges and universities have come under fire in recent years. Some people believe they exploit student athletes. There are others who believe that student athletes enjoy a protected status, often getting away with abuse and sexual assault. Finally, many people believe that athletic funding often comes at the expense of academics and the arts. Theres a lot to unpack here. We Need a Second Local Newspaper For Balance Our Local Government Needs to Adopt a Better Infrastructure Plan Infrastructure refers to roads, bridges, water systems, public transportation, telecommunications, electricity, and other services that make living and working someplace attractive. Having good infrastructure means keeping all of these systems up and in good repair. Then theres the matter of the future. Is your town ready to continue supporting its citizens and businesses with the services they need? Do they need to implement a plan for the future? Community Service Should be Mandatory For High School Graduation Our School Mascot is Insensitive And Must be Renamed General Ethics And Morality Topics that address ethics and morality are universal. Consider weighing in on the following topics: Monogamy Isnt Necessary For a Healthy Marriage Lying Isnt Always Immoral Is telling a lie always wrong? What if it serves a just cause? What if a lie prevents someone from being hurt? Make an argument that dishonesty isnt always immoral, or take the opposite stance. Support the notion that honesty is always preferable regardless of the consequences. Life Imprisonment For Juvenile Offenders is a Just Punishment Do Atheists Have Lower Moral Standards Than Believers? Communitys Have The Right to Set Moral Standards of Behavior Should a city be able to ban the sale of alcohol, even if the state has no laws against it? What about gambling? Should a county be able to refuse to issue permits to businesses that will allow their patrons to gamble? Are there any instances where a community should be allowed to pass laws that enforce a stricter set of statutes than that applied by the state or federal government. Corporations Are Only Obligated to Make a Profit Is The Friend Zone a Damaging Social Construct? Are guys who refer to being in the friend zone creepy misogynists? Can someone be sincerely friendly with a member of the opposite sex, but also disappointed they arent in a romantic relationship with them? Should Universities Have Safe Spaces or Free Speech Zones? Businesses Dont Have The Right to Deny Services to Same Sex Couples Boycotts Are an Effective Form of Protest Celebrities Should Not Share Their Political Opinions Schools Should Not Teach Abstinence Traditional Marriage Must be Preserved People of All Political Beliefs Should be Able to Speak on Campus Fun And Entertaining Topics Not every essay topic needs to deep and intense. In some cases, its perfectly fine to pick a topic that is simply fun or entertaining. Here are some great ideas: The Harry Potter Franchise Has Gone on For Too Long The First Three Star Wars Movies Are Still The Best Disneys License Agreement With Marvel Comics is a Terrible Idea Graffiti Isnt Art Resort Vacations Are Overrated Sports Cars Arent Worth The Extra Cost Experiences Are Better Than Presents Deadpool is The Most Cleverly Written Superhero Character in Recent Years The Microbrewery Scene is Stuck up And Full of Pretentious Hipsters Millennial Bashing Has no Basis in Accuracy Local Theater Deserves Community Support Extroverts Are People Too! Ska is an Underrated Musical Genre Remakes Are Killing The Film Industry It may seem as if nearly every movie is a remake of an older film, or its an adaptation of an older tv show. Speaking of TV shows, even those are being recycled. What are the impacts of this? Is it possible to be creative and produce good writing on projects like these, or do remakes simply need to go away. eSports Players Are Athletes Streaming Will be The End of Major Record Labels Torrenting is Intellectual Theft Learning to Draw on Paper is The Best Method Fanfiction is a Legitimate Art Form Tumblr is an Underrated Social Media Platform Undertale is The Best Video Game Online The Zelda Franchise is Better Than The Mario Franchise Runescape is an Underrated RPG Kevin Smith is an Overrated Director Andrew WK And Steev Mike Are The Same Person Most Rap Rivalries Are Made up by The Studios Everyone Has Artistic Talent Printed Books Are Better Than Digital Photographers Charge Too Much Money Molecular Gastronomy is Not Real Cuisine A 20% Tip is Too Much Nike Makes Better Shoes Than Converse Shoppings Malls Arent as Dead as People Think Food Trucks Are Overrated Smoking Should be Banned From All Public Places Fast Food Causes Obesity Cell Phones Dont Belong in The Classroom Social Media is an Important Skill What is Your Position on Pirating Chinese Should be Offered as a Foreign Language Bilingualism Helps Children English Should be The Official Language of The USA GMO Foods Should be Banned Pain Rating Scales Are Bogus There Are More Negatives to Using The Internet Than Positive The Drinking Age Should be 18 Globalization is Evil Driving With a Cell Phone Isnt That Bad There Are Benefits to Cloning People Should Never Give DNA to Genealogy Websites Students Use Facebook Because They Miss Human Connections Alternative Energy is Overrated There Are Great Reasons to be For The Death Penalty Vegetarianism is Unnatural Smoking Tobacco is Harmful to The Planet Men Are More Criminally Inclined China is The Key to Ending Pollution An Ebola Epidemic is Inevitable Pulling Out of Syria Was a Mistake Brexit Will Never Happen We Need an Internet Bill of Privacy Rights Every Person Should Care About The Environment Local Environmental Activism is Most Important Manufacturers Must be Held Accountable For Environmental Damage We Must Decrease The Population Every Human Deserves Clean Water We Must Stop Poaching We Should Make Education More Fun Hunting is Good For The Environment Recycling Should be Mandatory Healthcare Should Focus on Long Term Wellness Global Warming Will Lead to Serious Health Epidemics Sexism Drives Fashion Boredom Causes Delinquency Single Gender Schools Should be Banned The Government Cannot Provide Effective Healthcare 16 is The Best Age to STart Dating Homework Causes Family Strife The Death Penalty is Outdated Gay Couples Should be Allowed to Adopt Children The War in Vietnam Was Unjustified 21 is The Suitable Age For Voting Military Service Should be Mandatory Destruction of Rainforests Should be Banned Wealth Coincides With Happiness Corporal Punishment is Cruel And Unusual Punishment Pornography Should be Banned Most National History Stories Are Fabricated 30 is The Most Suitable Age For Marriage Teen Marriage Should be Banned Long Distance Relationships Never Work Mobile Phones Are Bad Alcohol Advertising Should be Banned Alternative Medicines Are a Scam Education is Key to Helping Developing Nations Cloning is Highly Immoral Pacifism is Not Realistic Sex Education in Schools Must be Increased There is Too Much Sex And Violence on TV Animals Shouldnt be in Zoos Deforestation Should be Illegal Bombing Hiroshima Was a Mistake LBJ Radicalized The REpublican Party Google Should Not Have Your Medical Records The War in Afghanistan is Unjustified Wild Fish is Better Than Farmed The Only Acceptable Fish is Line And Pole Caught Steve Jobs Changed The World Corporate Veil is Damaging Arranged Marriages Are a Blessing Social Media Can Bring Distant Relatives Closer Together Divorce Makes Resilient Children Friendships Fail Due to Neglect Abstinence Prevents Teen Pregnancy Competition Makes Better Healthcare We Need Free Markets Not More Regulations Mitch Mcconnell Must be Remove The Democrats Should Give in About The Wall All High School Students Should Take Parenting Classes Workplace Dress Codes Are Outdated People Should Not be Discriminated Against Over Tattoos And Piercings Public Transportation Should be Free For City Residents We Are Too Technology Dependent Smoking Increases Socialization Playing Football Causes CTE Energy Drinks Should be Banned Lecture Attendance Should be Optional For College Students Sports Teams Should be Gender Neutral Teenagers Shouldnt Need Parental Permission to Get Birth Control Extra Credit Should be Banned Students Should Receive Religious Education Students And Teachers Should Not Connect on Social Media Advertising to Children Should be Banned 14 Year Olds Should be Allowed to Work All College Freshman Should Live on Campus Children Should Choose Their Own Gender Sesame Street is Too Political Everyone Should Grow Their Own vegetables People Dont Drink Enough Water Exercise Doesnt Cause Weight Loss Pets Are Beneficial to The Airlines Animals Should Not be Allowed on Airplanes Child Support Absconders Should Not be Jailed Anorexia Can be Blamed on Fat Shaming Video Game Rating Systems Are Censorship Executing Saddam Hussein Was Necessary College Graduates Should Take a Gap Year Teachers Should Stay Out of Students Lives The Next War Will Involve Nuclear Weapons Everyone Has a Right to be Forgotten Facebook Doesnt Owe Anyone Privacy Adoption Can be Harmful People Should be Imprisoned For Driving Drunk Movie Rewards Shows Are Overindulgent YouTube Stars Dont Contribute Anything Meaningful Wearing Fur is Sinful Polygamy Should be Legal Russia Should Bury Lenin Nude Beaches Should be Banished Public Displays of Affection Are Inappropriate Puerto Rico Should be a State People Should be Fined For Playing Loud Music Homeowners Should Not Own Gas Powered Lawn Equipment Tipping Should be at Least 25% Uber Drivers Should Make Minimum Wage Urban Foraging Should be Legalized Restaurants Should be Fined For Wasting Food National Park Should be Closed Until The Government Shutdown Ends Teachers Should Not be Allowed to Strike Its Better For Students to Attend The Same School For The First 12 Years Homeschooling Leaves Children Poorly Socialized There Should be Drug Testing in Middle Schools Standardized Testing is Overemphasized Standard Testing is a Poor Measurement of Ability Schools Should Give Cash Awards For Attendance High School Should be a Two Year Program Students Dont Have Enough Creative Opportunities Students Arent Learning The Right Things in School Dropping Out Should Never Be Allowed Early Graduation is Beneficial The School Year Should be Longer Schools Should Group Students According to Ability New Math Helps Students Paper Should be Banned on Campus Campuses Should go Green Baseball is Boring Women Are Better Collaborators People Should Boycott Football Most Pranks Are Bullying Children Should not Play Contact Sports Boys Have More Meaningful Friendships Than Girls Parents Take Youth Sports Too Seriously Sports Teams Should Not Use Native American Names or Mascots Cheerleading is Not a Sport Coaches Should be Less Strict With Athletes Wellness Programs Should Replace Sports If my State Had a Budget Surplus I Would Spend it on Solar Energy Military Force is Never Justified Homeschoolers Should be Allowed to Play School Athletics My Mayor Should Solve The Problem of Homelessness The Government Should be Allowed to Wiretap Without Warrants Action Must be Taken to Prevent Erosion All Sports Betting Should be Banned Stop And Frisk Should be Illegal Burning The Flag is Free Speech Protest Rallies Are a Waste of Time #MeToo Will Protect Men And Women Alike Sports Are Too Commercialized Facebook is Dying Cord Cutters Have The Right Idea Rich People Often Get Away With Breaking The Law The Rich Should Pay More Taxes There Should be Laws Against Offensiveness We Must Prevent Mass Shootings You Become an Adult When You Are Financially Independent People Can Learn a Lot From Millennials Dating is Outdated There is Too Much Pressure on Gifted Students First Year College Students Should Live in The Dorms Going to a Two Year School is a Great Way to Save Money Participation Trophies Have Ruined Children Children Should Choose Their Own Religion We Need Term Limits Parents Alone Should Teach Children Morality Grades Dont Really Matter Filibustering Should be Banned All Cars Should Use Alternative Fuels Congress Should Fund Green Energy Earned Income Tax is a Form of Welfare Stores Should be Closed on Sundays There Should be a Vote on The Shutdown It is Wrong For Bars to Ban Women There Should be a Public Dress Code Taxpayers Should Not Fund Art Final Thoughts Hopefully one of these topics will be perfect for your next argumentative essay. If not, they can surely serve as inspiration for an original idea. Just remember that every good argumentative essay starts with a great topic, is well-written, and contains great supporting evidence.

The Articles of Confederation Versus the Constitution Assignment - 9

The Articles of Confederation Versus the Constitution - Assignment Example In order to understand the differences between these two historical and pivotal documents is to discuss them more deeply and individually. The Articles of Confederation were enacted in March of 1781 and were maintained until 1789, nearly 8 years to the day (Kelly). The Articles were chosen as ideal for a fledgling and inexperienced government to have a better chance of winning the Revolutionary War and defeating the British forces. However, many of the colony’s settlers had a negative experience with governments who had too much power and control and no real experience in the forming of government (Morgan 1). They specifically wanted a government with limited power. Many commented that the Articles of Confederation were essentially a â€Å"friendship agreement† between the 13 original colonies in the war against a shared enemy (Painter 3-4). The Constitution replaced the Articles in 1789. The Constitution was considered to be a â€Å"progressive† document; one th at represented a long term government that was different than those the settlers left behind. This is one of the first things that separate the Articles and the Constitution. The Articles intended to facilitate a favorable end to the war and the latter was intended to develop a long term, stable government structure (Winkler 1). However, the differences go much deeper.  There are several specific differences between the two documents. First, in the Articles, the individual states are sovereign and not accountable to the federal government, whereas the Constitution shares the powers between states and the federal government.

Teams and Groups Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teams and Groups - Case Study Example The market for timber is price-competitive and products are differentiated by their presentation and appearance. Thus customers have started to shift to the other competitors who produce similar products but of a greater quality for the same price. The activity within the packaging team of adopting time-loss pattern has become a norm to this particular work team. Thus, all temporary workers when given a chance to become part of the packaging team adopts this norm. Management can change the supervisors and instead of allowing the sawmill supervisor to overseer the packaging department choose a supervisor from packaging instead. This will assist in the empowerment of the workers when workers feel empowered they produce better. In addition, a supervisor from the packaging department would understand the culture and be able to make changes to the norm easier than an outsider. The overtime costs which would be cut can be used to provide additional incentives to this department. In order to arrest the decline in the mill’s ratings management can perhaps use the overtime money which will be reduced to use more than one supervisor in this department. One for the general overseeing of production and one for the testing of the quality of the finished products. The market for timber is price-competitive and products are differentiated by their presentation and appearance therefore Treetop must begin to differentiate based on sound quality and good appearance again. Treetop’s management can divide the packaging department into teams and allow there to be competition amongst the teams for improvement in productivity. Competition would create a focus for the team and motivate them to produce at their best. Consequently, the overall costs should begin to decline when workers begin to produce optimally due to

Discuss your reading habits. What type of writings do you tend to read Essay

Discuss your reading habits. What type of writings do you tend to read most (novels, magazines, web sites, newspapers) and why - Essay Example I consider it quite unfortunate on their part and do not give any undue blame on the fiction itself as well as the fiction writers. In our non-fiction world, the role of fiction has attained significance due to the element of faked-ness which is present within it. Fiction is glorifying the lives of the people and hence making them look different from each other and yet superior in the same light. Non-fiction writing texts merely state something which has happened and thus look to adjust the happenings from an ethically correct standpoint whilst taking care of the norms present within the society. (Ziolkowski, 1997) Thus the criticism that comes from the society’s perspective is something which is deep inherent within the values that the non-fiction works advocate and thus it provides for strong reasoning that the non-fiction writing works are generally more open to debate and criticism than the fiction texts. I opine that the reader goes in a deep cave, away from the practicalities of life and finds an escape route within fiction. What this offers is the other side of the truth. Thus for me fiction essays provide mystery, romance and so much more to the idle mind, which is also idealistic in nature. Fiction has seemed to play a pivotal role within my realms as it presents the ‘other’ side of the world in a way. It makes people look ideal from an irrational setting. They become super-humans as a matter of fact. Thus fiction portrays the desires and cravings of the people in more ways than one and there is absolutely no denying the very fact. In the end, the role of fiction cannot be denied its due place since vocabulary is increased, dramatization is made stronger and generally people believe that it is a very powerful medium of conveying a story with a moral ending. I would like to end this discussion by suggesting that reading fiction is like painting on

Small and Medium Enterprises in Indias Economic Growth

Small and Medium Enterprises in Indias Economic Growth Small and Medium Enterprises in Economic Growth of India: Directions towards Sustainable Development Manvendra Pratap Singh, Arpita Chakraborty,  Dr. Mousumi Roy Abstract The inclusive growth is prerequisite in any of fast growing developing economies. Micro small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) play vital role in the socio-economic development of the country. In 2011-12, 36.18 mn enterprises were operational and employed around 80.5 mn people of country, second largest after agriculture sector (MSME Annual Report 2011-12). They accounts for 40 percent of India’s total exports, contributing 45 percent to Indian manufacturing output. With all the good things the darker side of MSME, it attracts only 2.33 employees per unit (on an average), they contributes mere 17 percent to the Indian GDP. This paper will highlight the reasons behind the shining India and Bharat. This paper will also focus on the facilities, scheme provided by the central or state government of country, its implementation and possible solutions for empowerment and spreading its boundaries beyond the country through international cooperation scheme. Keywords: MSME, International Cooperation, regional Economics Introduction Indias economic growth is expected to pick up a faster pace in 2013-14 and record six per cent plus levels of gross domestic product (GDP), according to Mr C Rangarajan, Chairman, Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC). Country reported to expand at a better growth rate as compared to its three BRIC peers China, Russia and Brazil in May 2013, as per HSBC survey. India witnessed an improvement in its business climate on the back of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) and greater revenue receipts by the Government. The ‘BluFin Business Cycle Indicator (BCI)’, reflects macroeconomic developments on a monthly basis, stood at 165.3 points in July 2013, 5.3 percent higher compared to July 2012 which implies that business performance is comparatively better than previous year. In economic development scenario, India is leading from all fronts i.e. 2013 FDI confidence Index stands 5th, 2013 Deliotte Manufacturing Competitive Index stands 4th, 2013 KPMG Change Readiness Index stands 65th. 2013 Global Innovation Index stands 66th. While on societal development front, India’s condition is not upright. As per the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP) Human development Index 2013 India stands 136th. In inequality Index, India stands 91st, in gender inequality 132nd, value of multidimensional poverty index is 0.283 on basis of year 2005/2006. A major cause of poverty among India’s rural, urban poor both individuals and communities, is lack of access to regular job opportunity, productive assets and financial resources. High level of inadequate health care, illiteracy and extremely limited access to social services are common among poor people. Seven states – Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Prad esh – account for 61 per cent of Indias total poor. Chhattisgarh is the poorest state in the country with approximately 40 per cent of its population being below the poverty line (www.downtoearth.org ). According to NSSO 66th Survey 2010, around 52.9 percent of population engaged in primary sector (agriculture and allied sector) contributing 19 percent to gross value added (GVA) of country, 22.7 percent of working population engaged in secondary sector which contributes 28 percent in GVA and 24.4 percent of population engaged in tertiary sector (Services) contributes 53 percent in our GDP. Considering NSSO 66th Survey, around 75 percent working population engaged in primary and secondary sector of the economy, and resides countryside or in outskirts of cities. While considering the basic amenities in such areas are vulnerable i.e. health care centres, schools, sanitation facilities etc. These differences demarcate a thin line between Shining India (Cities) and Bharat (Village s, towns and outskirts of cities) in terms of societal development and economic parity. Literature review In dynamic economic world, business innovation and competitiveness helps Small and medium enterprises to grow leap and bound. According to the Global Manufacturing Competitiveness Index, 2013, Developing nations are emerging as potential manufacturing destinations like china ranked 1st as best manufacturing destinations while other developing nations are India, Brazil, Vietnam Indonesia etc. GMCI, 2013 report envisaged that in next five years the above mentioned nations will be key manufacturing hubs along with three leading manufacturing powers i.e. USA, Germany and Japan- remained ranked in top 10 most competitive nations today. Across the world, more than 95 percent of the enterprises are SMEs and employs 60 percent of total private employment (Ayyagari et al. 2011). SMEs by number dominate the world stage, Japan has highest number of SMEs registered among the industrialized nation accounts for 99 percent of total enterprises (Edinburgh Group Report, 2011). India had 26.1 million SMEs (MSME, 4th census) and employed around 59.7 million people of the country, second largest employer after agriculture sector. In European Union, jointly 27 countries accounts for 99.8 percent of total enterprises, employs 67 percent of all workers and contributes 58 percent of gross value added. (Edinburgh Group Report, 2011). The SMEs are lacking in knowledge and information base which reflected in poor work practices mainly the managerial and technical abilities among owners and managers. They mainly fall sort of environmental awareness and its impact and focused toward short term gains over long term objectives because of limited resources and lower capital-output ratio compared to a competitive large unit. Mainly SMEs are reluctant to the programs and policies i.e. waste management circle initiated by National Productivity council because of lack of their nature (Dasgupta, 1999). For example, Henriques and Sadorsky (1996) explored the effect of self-reported community pressure on Canadian firms’ decisions to adopt an environmental plan. The effect of self-reported community pressure (presence versus absence) on Mexican firms’ decisions to adopt certain environmental management practices. Analysis: Urban and Rural working Population across the sectors: In India, services sector mainly includes hotels restaurants, Banking Finance Securities Insurance (BFSI), Information Technology (IT) Information Technology Enabled services (ITES), Education, Health etc. According to NSSO 66th Survey, contribution of services sector is 53 percent as gross value added to the economy and employed only 24.4 percent of working population. Figure 1 shows the distribution of population employment per 1000 distribution in all three sectors of economy. Primarily comparing Round 66 and Round 68, finds out that rural primary sector population is shifting toward secondary and tertiary sector mainly men are relocating toward secondary and women are relocating toward tertiary sector. Considering the fact, urban population i.e. men and women are relocating toward secondary sector with marginal increment. With such development in secondary sector, more than 60 percent of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) approvals have been extended to IT/ITES sector, the manufacturing sector left with one third of total approvals (Deepak Shah, 2009). It may affect growth and competitiveness of manufacturing sector which shows huge potential in terms of engaging new skilled pool of population into itself. According to NSSO 66 Round Survey (Figure 2), while comparing secondary sector of economy, particularly, manufacturing (D) Construction (F) for rural and urban India, employment opportunities are relatively more in urban areas compare to rural areas because of basic facility location factors. With respect to social security, from entire workforce mere 8 percent workers entitled for statutory social protection (i.e. risks as sickness, maternity, disability and old age) through central and state level rules on conventional social security (NCEUS, 2006). Around 86 percent of total workers who employed in unorganized sector lag behind for basic social security benefits. As per (Figure 3) MSME Annual Report 2012-2013, rural registered MSME units are lesser than urban units while unregistered Micro and Small (MS) rural units are far more than urban units. Another important aspect of Indian MSME sector is that micro and small enterprises are more than medium enterprises and employed more number of population compared to medium enterprises where labor efficiency, economics of scale and environmental friendliness would not be considered as a parameter of growth. The overall labor efficiency is gloomily low which signifies poor quality of employment mainly because of informal employment called casualization. In manufacturing sector, 88 percent of employment lies under such category (Kannan (2011). According to planning commission estimates,  casual workforce earnings were only one-fourth of the wages of regular (full time) workers (Rs. 51 as against Rs. 200) in 2004-05. Prevalence of poverty among casual workforce, self-employed and regular was as high as 32 per cent, 17.5 per cent and 11 per cent respectively with an average of 20.51 per cent for all employed workers. (Planning Commission, 2008, Chapter 4, Annexure 4.7). MSMEs financing and credit trends: While considering the outstanding bank credits to micro and small enterprises (Figure 4) are on higher side with year on year increase of average 33.3 percent, which reflects the position of respective enterprises and condition of workers working for such enterprises, because it’s obvious that if an enterprise is falling sort of funds to manage its outstanding credit taken from various banks, how it will take care of its enterprise and workers. It reflects that mainly MS enterprises are dragged behind due to falling short of funds and other finance facilities which requires to compete with established local and global players in respective market. Conclusion: According to NAS data the service-sector has achieved an average annual compound growth rate of 8.7 per cent annum between 1999-2000 and 2009-10 as against 7.7 per cent achieved by manufacturing during the same period. Manufacturing sector in urban India has grown at a faster rate (2.8 per cent) relative to all India (1.7 per cent) over the period 1999-2000 and 2009-10. Unlike service sector has practiced skill scarcity and growth in service sector is reasonably more skill demanding than manufacturing sector at higher skill levels. Indian policy makers needs to focus on manufacturing sector like china counterpart which leads in exports and generated huge and stable employment environment by focusing on MSME model (Ramaswamy, 2012). Microenterprise development could generate income and enable poor people to improve their living conditions, has only recently become a focus of the government. The government initiatives and scheme like cluster development program, integrated industrial development scheme and credit guarantee fund scheme etc which stimulates inter-firm linkages and network have assisted MSMEs to move up in the value chain and gain competitive advantage, given access to technology upgraded production technology in sector should be spread across the industrial zones of the country by conducting workshops and training camps to reap the bene fits (IBEF, 2013). The report of Task Force on MSME (2010) provides roadmap for the enhancement and up gradation of MSME sector and mainly emphasized on following key issues: Public Procurement Policy: Government Departments and PSUs to reach atleast 20 percent of their annual volume purchase from MSEs Government should focus on rehabilitation of sick SME units and enhance schemes in context of National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC). Enable conducive environment for legal and fiscal instruments to incentivize SMEs for their corporation as entities. Assurance for strict adherence to stipulated targets by commercial banks for SMEs. References: ATKearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index, Back to Business: Optimism and Uncertainty (2013) Ayyagari, M., Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2011), Small vs. Young Firms Across The World – Contribution to Employment, Job Creation, and Growth, Policy Research Working Paper 5631 (The World Bank Development Research Group). Deepak Shah (2009), Special Economic Zones in India: A Review of Investment, Trade, Employment generation and Impact Assessment, Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics, Vol 64, No. 3, July-Sept 2009. Das Gupta N, 1999. Energy efficiency and environmental improvements in small-scale industries: present initiatives in India are not working. Energy Policy (27) 789-800. Edinburgh (2011), Growing the global economy through SMEs. Goyal M, (2013, June 09). SMEs employ close to 40 percent of Indias workforce, but contribute only 17 percent to GDP. The Economic Times retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/news/39834857_1_smes-workforce-small-and-medium-enterprises. Henriques, I., Sadorsky, P., 1996. The determinants of an environmentally responsive firm: an empirical approach. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 30, 381–395. HSBC EXPAT Explorer Survey 2013 Report: http://www.expatexplorer.hsbc.com/files/pdfs/overall-reports/2013/report.pdf Human Development Report 2013. The rise of south: Human Progress in Diverse World. Kannan, K.P. (2011) ‘How Inclusive is Inclusive Growth in India’ paper presented at the International Expert Workshop on ‘Inclusive Growth: From Policy to Reality’, jointly organized by International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada and Indian Institute for Dalit Studies (IIDs), New Delhi; 11-13 December, 2011, New Delhi. KPMG Change Readiness Index (2013), KPMG International  MSME Annual Report 2012-13 NCEUS (2006) Social Security for Unorganized Workers, New Delhi, National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector, New Delhi, Government of India. NCEUS (2007) Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganized Sector, New Delhi, Government of India and Academic Foundation. NSSO (2005) Income, Expenditure and Productive Assets of Farmer Households (Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers), 59th Round, Report No. 497, New Delhi, National Sample Survey Organization. Planning Commission (2008), Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) –– Volume I, Inclusive Growth, –– Volume III, Agriculture, Industry, Services and Physical Infrastructure, New Delhi, Planning Commission, Government of India. Ramaswamy K V, Agarwal Tushar (2012), Services-led Growth, Employment and Job Quality: A Study of Manufacturing and Service-sector in Urban India, WP-2012-007. Rs 27 per day: Indias new rural poverty line, 23 July, 2013, Down To Earth, http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/indias-new-rural-poverty-line-rs-27-day Samuel R A, Global competitiveness Index Report 2013 Zaidi L, (2013). Proceeding from International Conference on Technology and Business Management.